Cayman Sulfadoxin-D4; 5 Mg; 1330266-05-1; ≥99% Deuterated Forms (D1-D4)

Tiopronin is an antioxidant that has diverse biological activities.^,,,, It reduces free radical production by murine macrophages and granulocytes in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Tiopronin induces expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and increases VEGF secretion in human colon carcinoma cells. Rectal administration (500 μL of a 10 mM solution) reduces myeloperoxidase activity and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the colon in a rat model of colitis. Tiopronin (80-320 mg/kg per day) reduces the incidence of cleft palate in fetuses born to female mice orally exposed to teratogenic methylmercury chloride. Tiopronin (100 mg/kg) reduces heme oxygenase 1 mRNA expression, lipid peroxidation, and transverse aortic constriction in a mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy. Tiopronin (20 mg/kg) is hepatoprotective, increasing activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and reversing hepatocyte degeneration in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Formulations containing tiopronin have been used in the treatment of cystinuria, an inborn error of metabolism characterized by kidney stones and excessive urinary excretion of cysteine, arginine, ornithine, and lysine.

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